African Bronze or Copper Alloy Torque Manilla

This item is an antique African open-ended torque or penannular bracelet, likely a form of 'Manilla' currency or a prestigious personal adornment. Crafted from a heavy copper alloy or solid bronze, the piece features a thick, rounded cross-section that tapers slightly toward the blunt, un-flanged terminals. The exterior surface is extensively decorated with deep, hand-incised rhythmic linear patterns and cross-hatched geometric bands, indicative of West African metallurgical traditions, possibly from the Benin, Igbo, or Yoruba cultures. The metal exhibits a rich, dark aged patina ranging from deep chocolate brown to charcoal black, with significant areas of verdigris (green oxidation) visible, particularly in the recessed textured areas. This surface crusting and oxidation suggest long-term exposure to the elements or burial. The construction appears to be solid cast metal, demonstrating significant weight and high-quality tribal craftsmanship. Based on the stylistic elements and heavy oxidation, this piece likely dates from the late 19th to the early 20th century. Condition issues include surface abrasions consistent with age, heavy mineralized deposits, and general wear to the incised details from use and handling.